683 lines
19 KiB
Markdown
683 lines
19 KiB
Markdown
# Libreboot T480 flash full guide
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## Update firmware to specific version
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This section explains how to convert a vendor BIOS update `.iso` into a bootable USB image using `geteltorito`, and then write that generated `.img` to a USB drive using `dd`.
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> **WARNING**
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>
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> The `dd` command will completely overwrite the selected USB device.
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> Always write to the whole USB disk, for example `/dev/sdb`, **not** to a partition such as `/dev/sdb1`.
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> Double-check the target device before running `dd`.
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### 1- Download the vendor BIOS update ISO
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Download the required firmware version from Lenovo or from the vendor support page.
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Example for ThinkPad T480:
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```sh
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mkdir -p ~/Downloads/firmware/t480
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cd ~/Downloads/firmware/t480
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wget https://download.lenovo.com/pccbbs/mobiles/n24ur39w.iso
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```
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If you downloaded a different version, adjust the ISO filename in the following commands.
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### 2- Install `geteltorito`
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`geteltorito` extracts the El Torito boot image from a bootable vendor ISO.
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#### Debian / Ubuntu / Linux Mint
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On Debian-based systems, `geteltorito` is provided by the `genisoimage` package:
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```sh
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sudo apt update
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sudo apt install genisoimage
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```
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Check that it is available:
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```sh
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command -v geteltorito
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geteltorito --help || true
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```
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#### Arch / Manjaro
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On Arch-based systems, install it from the AUR:
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```sh
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yay -S geteltorito
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```
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or:
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```sh
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paru -S geteltorito
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```
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Without an AUR helper:
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```sh
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cd /tmp
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git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/geteltorito.git
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cd geteltorito
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makepkg -si
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```
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Depending on the package, the command may be installed as `geteltorito` or `geteltorito.pl`. Check which one exists:
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```sh
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command -v geteltorito || command -v geteltorito.pl
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```
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### 3- Extract the bootable `.img` from the vendor `.iso`
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Go to the folder where the ISO was downloaded:
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```sh
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cd ~/Downloads/firmware/t480
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```
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If your system provides the command as `geteltorito`:
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```sh
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geteltorito -o t480_bios_n24ur39w.img n24ur39w.iso
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```
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If your system provides the command as `geteltorito.pl`:
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```sh
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geteltorito.pl -o t480_bios_n24ur39w.img n24ur39w.iso
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```
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Verify that the `.img` file was created:
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```sh
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ls -lh n24ur39w.iso t480_bios_n24ur39w.img
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file t480_bios_n24ur39w.img
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```
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### 4- Insert the USB and identify the correct device
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Insert the USB drive and run:
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```sh
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lsblk -o NAME,SIZE,MODEL,TRAN,FSTYPE,MOUNTPOINTS
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```
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Example output:
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```text
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NAME SIZE MODEL TRAN FSTYPE MOUNTPOINTS
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sda 476.9G Samsung SSD sata /
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sdb 14.6G USB Flash Disk usb vfat /run/media/user/USB
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```
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In this example, the USB is:
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```text
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/dev/sdb
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```
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Do **not** use the internal disk. Do **not** use a partition like `/dev/sdb1`.
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Set a variable with the USB disk you identified:
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```sh
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USB=/dev/sdX
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```
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Example:
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```sh
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USB=/dev/sdb
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```
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### 5- Unmount all mounted USB partitions
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Before writing the image, unmount any mounted partitions from the USB:
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```sh
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lsblk "$USB"
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sudo umount "${USB}"* 2>/dev/null || true
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```
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### 6- Prepare / wipe the USB before flashing the image
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For an image generated by `geteltorito`, you do **not** need to format the USB as FAT32, exFAT or ext4.
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The correct preparation is to remove old filesystem signatures and partition metadata so the firmware image can be written cleanly with `dd`.
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Recommended:
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```sh
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sudo wipefs -a "$USB"
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```
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Optional stronger wipe of the first part of the USB:
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```sh
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sudo dd if=/dev/zero of="$USB" bs=1M count=16 status=progress conv=fsync
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sudo blockdev --rereadpt "$USB" || true
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```
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If `blockdev --rereadpt` fails because the device is busy, unplug and reinsert the USB, then set `USB=/dev/sdX` again after checking with `lsblk`.
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### 7- Flash the generated `.img` to the USB with `dd`
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Write the `.img` to the **whole USB disk**:
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```sh
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sudo dd if=t480_bios_n24ur39w.img of="$USB" bs=4M status=progress conv=fsync
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sync
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```
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Alternative using `oflag=sync`:
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```sh
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sudo dd if=t480_bios_n24ur39w.img of="$USB" bs=4M status=progress oflag=sync
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sync
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```
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### 8- Verify and eject the USB
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Check how the USB looks after writing:
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```sh
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lsblk -o NAME,SIZE,MODEL,TRAN,FSTYPE,MOUNTPOINTS "$USB"
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```
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Eject it safely:
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```sh
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sudo eject "$USB"
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```
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The USB should now be bootable. Insert it into the ThinkPad, boot from USB, and follow the vendor BIOS update instructions.
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On many ThinkPads, press `F12` during boot to open the boot menu.
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## Prepare flahser
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Prepare raspberry pico:
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1- Clone [source code code](https://codeberg.org/libreboot/pico-serprog), and
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2- Follow instructions to compile and so on...
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## Dependencies
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We need to install a bunch of dependencies we'll list them below and we'll share how to do it
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### GIT
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Install git following your OS
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- [Debian](https://git-scm.com/downloads/linux)
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- ...
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### lbmk
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```sh
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git clone https://codeberg.org/libreboot/lbmk
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cd lbmk
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```
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#### Install build dependencies:
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- debian:
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```sh
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./mk dependencies debian
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```
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- arch:
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```sh
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./mk dependencies arch
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```
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- ...
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#### nvmutil
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```
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cd /projects/clones/lbmk/util/nvmutil
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make install
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```
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#### ifdtool
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```
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cd /projects/clones/lbmk/src/coreboot/default/util/ifdtool
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make install
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```
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#### nvmutil
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```
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cd /projects/clones/lbmk/src/coreboot/default/util/ifdtool
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make install
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```
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## Install flashrpog
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Install following [their docs](https://flashprog.org/wiki/Flashprog)
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## Build pico image
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Go to `lbmk` folder and build the `.uf2` files:
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```sh
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cd /projects/clones/lbmk
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./mk -b pico-serprog
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```
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Insert your raspberry pico H pressing the back button to mount to your system, then copy the `.uf2` file:
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```
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sudo cp /projects/clones/lbmk/bin/serprog_pico/serprog_pico.uf2 /media/user/RPI-RP2/
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```
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## Backup firmware
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### 1- Do 3 backups just in case
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1- First backup we'll name it like `t480_stockbios_1.bin`:
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```sh
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root@lb-pomc:/projects/libreboot/bin/vic# flashprog -p serprog:dev=/dev/ttyACM0 -r t480_stockbios_1.bin
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flashprog p1.4 on Linux 6.1.0-33-amd64 (x86_64)
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flashprog is free software, get the source code at https://flashprog.org
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Using clock_gettime for delay loops (clk_id: 1, resolution: 1ns).
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serprog: Programmer name is "pico-serprog"
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Found Winbond flash chip "W25Q128.V" (16384 kB, SPI) on serprog.
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Reading flash... done.
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```
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2- Second backup we'll name it like `t480_stockbios_2.bin`:
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```sh
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root@lb-pomc:/projects/libreboot/bin/vic# flashprog -p serprog:dev=/dev/ttyACM0 -r t480_stockbios_2.bin
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flashprog p1.4 on Linux 6.1.0-33-amd64 (x86_64)
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flashprog is free software, get the source code at https://flashprog.org
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Using clock_gettime for delay loops (clk_id: 1, resolution: 1ns).
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serprog: Programmer name is "pico-serprog"
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Found Winbond flash chip "W25Q128.V" (16384 kB, SPI) on serprog.
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Reading flash... done.
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```
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3- Third backup we'll name it like `t480_stockbios_3.bin`:
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```sh
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root@lb-pomc:/projects/libreboot/bin/vic# flashprog -p serprog:dev=/dev/ttyACM0 -r t480_stockbios_3.bin
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flashprog p1.4 on Linux 6.1.0-33-amd64 (x86_64)
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flashprog is free software, get the source code at https://flashprog.org
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Using clock_gettime for delay loops (clk_id: 1, resolution: 1ns).
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serprog: Programmer name is "pico-serprog"
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Found Winbond flash chip "W25Q128.V" (16384 kB, SPI) on serprog.
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Reading flash... done.
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```
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### 2- Checksum
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We must verify the backup files are correct:
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```sh
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root@lb-pomc:/projects/libreboot/bin/vic# sha256sum t480_stockbios*.bin
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3ce1b1b03aebe90295dece36385b9bca6b31de505a239b6859be6b702bea054f t480_stockbios_1.bin
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3ce1b1b03aebe90295dece36385b9bca6b31de505a239b6859be6b702bea054f t480_stockbios_2.bin
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3ce1b1b03aebe90295dece36385b9bca6b31de505a239b6859be6b702bea054f t480_stockbios_3.bin
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```
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## Backup thunderbolt
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### 1- Connect the clamp properly otherwise you will get this error:
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```sh
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root@lb-pomc:/projects/libreboot/bin/vic# flashprog -p serprog:dev=/dev/ttyACM0 -r t480_tb_1.bin
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flashprog p1.4 on Linux 6.1.0-33-amd64 (x86_64)
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flashprog is free software, get the source code at https://flashprog.org
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Using clock_gettime for delay loops (clk_id: 1, resolution: 1ns).
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serprog: Programmer name is "pico-serprog"
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No EEPROM/flash device found.
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Note: flashprog can never write if the flash chip isn't found automatically.
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```
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### 2- Backup:
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```sh
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root@lb-pomc:/projects/libreboot/bin/vic# flashprog -p serprog:dev=/dev/ttyACM0 -r t480_tb_1.bin
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flashprog p1.4 on Linux 6.1.0-33-amd64 (x86_64)
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flashprog is free software, get the source code at https://flashprog.org
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Using clock_gettime for delay loops (clk_id: 1, resolution: 1ns).
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serprog: Programmer name is "pico-serprog"
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Found Winbond flash chip "W25Q80.V" (1024 kB, SPI) on serprog.
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Reading flash... done.
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root@lb-pomc:/projects/libreboot/bin/vic# flashprog -p serprog:dev=/dev/ttyACM0 -r t480_tb_2.bin
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flashprog p1.4 on Linux 6.1.0-33-amd64 (x86_64)
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flashprog is free software, get the source code at https://flashprog.org
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Using clock_gettime for delay loops (clk_id: 1, resolution: 1ns).
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serprog: Programmer name is "pico-serprog"
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Found Winbond flash chip "W25Q80.V" (1024 kB, SPI) on serprog.
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Reading flash... done.
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```
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### 3- Check sum
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```sh
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root@lb-pomc:/projects/libreboot/bin/vic# sha256sum t480_tb*.bin
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674fcbabd0161da5b81324e4eed18d07e22872e8fd74110d28663c348b99124c t480_tb_1.bin
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674fcbabd0161da5b81324e4eed18d07e22872e8fd74110d28663c348b99124c t480_tb_2.bin
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```
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### 4- Erase all existing content:
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```sh
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root@lb-pomc:/projects/libreboot# flashprog -p serprog:dev=/dev/ttyACM0 -E
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flashprog p1.4 on Linux 6.1.0-33-amd64 (x86_64)
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flashprog is free software, get the source code at https://flashprog.org
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Using clock_gettime for delay loops (clk_id: 1, resolution: 1ns).
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serprog: Programmer name is "pico-serprog"
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Found Winbond flash chip "W25Q80.V" (1024 kB, SPI) on serprog.
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Erasing flash chip... Erase done.
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```
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### 5- Create `null.bin` from `/dev/zero` with `dd` command:
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```sh
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root@lb-pomc:/projects/libreboot# dd if=/dev/zero of=null.bin bs=1M count=1
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1+0 records in
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1+0 records out
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1048576 bytes (1.0 MB, 1.0 MiB) copied, 0.00351479 s, 298 MB/s
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root@lb-pomc:/projects/libreboot# ls -la
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total 1036
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drwxr-xr-x 3 root user 4096 May 25 14:20 .
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drwxr-xr-x 5 root user 4096 May 25 12:41 ..
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drwxr-xr-x 3 root user 4096 May 25 12:41 bin
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-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1048576 May 25 14:20 null.bin
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```
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### 6- Write `null.bin` to thunderbolt flash:
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```sh
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root@lb-pomc:/projects/libreboot# flashprog -p serprog:dev=/dev/ttyACM0 -w null.bin
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flashprog p1.4 on Linux 6.1.0-33-amd64 (x86_64)
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flashprog is free software, get the source code at https://flashprog.org
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Using clock_gettime for delay loops (clk_id: 1, resolution: 1ns).
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serprog: Programmer name is "pico-serprog"
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Found Winbond flash chip "W25Q80.V" (1024 kB, SPI) on serprog.
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Reading old flash chip contents... done.
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Erasing and writing flash chip... Erase/write done.
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Verifying flash... VERIFIED.
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```
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## Flash thunderbolt
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We'll flash `tb.bin` to the thunderbolt memory (close to the bios cell):
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```sh
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root@lb-pomc:/projects/libreboot/bin/vic/rom# flashprog -p serprog:dev=/dev/ttyACM0 -w /projects/clones/lbmk/vendorfiles/t480/tb.bin
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flashprog p1.4 on Linux 6.1.0-33-amd64 (x86_64)
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flashprog is free software, get the source code at https://flashprog.org
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Using clock_gettime for delay loops (clk_id: 1, resolution: 1ns).
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serprog: Programmer name is "pico-serprog"
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Found Winbond flash chip "W25Q80.V" (1024 kB, SPI) on serprog.
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Reading old flash chip contents... done.
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Erasing and writing flash chip... Erase/write done.
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Verifying flash... VERIFIED.
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```
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## Flah Firmware
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Seelct .rom to flash libreboot firmware to the firmware flash of the 4580
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### 1- Install nvmutil
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If you forgot to do it please do it now:
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```sh
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root@lb-pomc:/projects/libreboot/bin/vic/rom# cd /projects/clones/lbmk/util/nvmutil
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root@lb-pomc:/projects/clones/lbmk/util/nvmutil# make install
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install nvm /usr/local/bin/nvroot@lb-pomc:/projects/libreboot/bin/vic/rom# /projects/clones/lbmk/elf/ifdtool/default/ifdtool -i gbe:flashregion_3_gbe.bin seabios_t480_vfsp_16mb_libgfxinit_corebootfb.rom
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Warning: No platform specified. Output may be incomplete
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File seabios_t480_vfsp_16mb_libgfxinit_corebootfb.rom is 16777216 bytes
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File flashregion_3_gbe.bin is 8192 bytes
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Adding flashregion_3_gbe.bin as the GbE section of seabios_t480_vfsp_16mb_libgfxinit_corebootfb.rom.new
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Writing new image to seabios_t480_vfsp_16mb_libgfxinit_corebootfb.rom.new
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m
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```
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## 2- Change mac address
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- Extract all `.bin` from the `.rom` so we can override the macaddress
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```sh
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root@lb-pomc:/projects/libreboot/bin/vic# cp /projects/clones/lbmk/bin/t480_vfsp_16mb/seabios_t480_vfsp_16mb_libgfxinit_corebootfb.rom /projects/libreboot/bin/vic/rom/
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root@lb-pomc:/projects/libreboot/bin/vic# cd /projects/libreboot/bin/vic/rom/
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root@lb-pomc:/projects/libreboot/bin/vic/rom# /projects/clones/lbmk/elf/ifdtool/default/ifdtool --platform sklkbl -x seabios_t480_vfsp_16mb_libgfxinit_corebootfb.rom
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File seabios_t480_vfsp_16mb_libgfxinit_corebootfb.rom is 16777216 bytes
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Flash Region 0 (Flash Descriptor): 00000000 - 00000fff
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Flash Region 1 (BIOS): 00114000 - 00ffffff
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Flash Region 2 (Intel ME): 00003000 - 00113fff
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Flash Region 3 (GbE): 00001000 - 00002fff
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Flash Region 4 (Platform Data): 07fff000 - 00000fff (unused)
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Flash Region 5 (Device Exp1): 07fff000 - 00000fff (unused)
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Flash Region 6 (Secondary BIOS): 07fff000 - 00000fff (unused)
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Flash Region 7 (Reserved): 07fff000 - 00000fff (unused)
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Flash Region 8 (EC): 07fff000 - 00000fff (unused)
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Flash Region 9 (Device Exp2): 07fff000 - 00000fff (unused)
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Flash Region 10 (IE): 07fff000 - 07ffffff
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Error while writing: Bad address
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Flash Region 11 (10GbE_0): 07fff000 - 07ffffff
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Error while writing: Bad address
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Flash Region 12 (10GbE_1): 07fff000 - 07ffffff
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Error while writing: Bad address
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Flash Region 13 (Reserved): 07fff000 - 07ffffff
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Error while writing: Bad address
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Flash Region 14 (Reserved): 07fff000 - 07ffffff
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Error while writing: Bad address
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Flash Region 15 (PTT): 07fff000 - 07ffffff
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||
Error while writing: Bad address
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
- Set random macaddress
|
||
```sh
|
||
root@lb-pomc:/projects/libreboot/bin/vic/rom# /projects/clones/lbmk/util/nvmutil/nvm flashregion_3_gbe.bin setmac 38:E7:E9:BF:4A:BC
|
||
256 bytes read from file 'flashregion_3_gbe.bin'
|
||
MAC address to be written: 38:E7:E9:BF:4A:BC
|
||
Wrote MAC address to part 0: 38:e7:e9:bf:4a:bc
|
||
Wrote MAC address to part 1: 38:e7:e9:bf:4a:bc
|
||
The following nvm words were written:
|
||
MAC (part 0): 38:e7:e9:bf:4a:bc
|
||
00000000 38 e7 e9 bf 4a bc 01 08 ff ff 14 00 cf 00 00 80
|
||
00000010 00 10 ff ff c3 10 5d 22 aa 17 d7 15 00 00 00 00
|
||
00000020 00 00 00 00 00 80 05 a7 2c 30 00 10 00 00 00 0c
|
||
00000030 62 2a 02 0a 43 08 13 01 d7 15 ad ba d7 15 d8 15
|
||
00000040 ad ba d7 15 ad ba d7 15 00 00 80 80 00 4e 86 08
|
||
00000050 00 00 00 00 07 00 00 20 20 00 00 00 00 0e 00 00
|
||
00000060 00 01 00 40 28 12 07 40 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
|
||
00000070 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff 00 02 ff ff 54 75
|
||
MAC (part 1): 38:e7:e9:bf:4a:bc
|
||
00000000 38 e7 e9 bf 4a bc 01 08 ff ff 14 00 cf 00 00 80
|
||
00000010 00 10 ff ff c3 10 5d 22 aa 17 d7 15 00 00 00 00
|
||
00000020 00 00 00 00 00 80 05 a7 2c 30 00 10 00 00 00 0c
|
||
00000030 62 2a 02 0a 43 08 13 01 d7 15 ad ba d7 15 d8 15
|
||
00000040 ad ba d7 15 ad ba d7 15 00 00 80 80 00 4e 86 08
|
||
00000050 00 00 00 00 07 00 00 20 20 00 00 00 00 0e 00 00
|
||
00000060 00 01 00 40 28 12 07 40 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff
|
||
00000070 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff 00 02 ff ff 54 75
|
||
256 bytes written to file 'flashregion_3_gbe.bin'
|
||
```
|
||
- Overwrite the new macaddress gbe to the initial `.rom`:
|
||
|
||
```sh
|
||
root@lb-pomc:/projects/libreboot/bin/vic/rom# /projects/clones/lbmk/elf/ifdtool/default/ifdtool -i gbe:flashregion_3_gbe.bin seabios_t480_vfsp_16mb_libgfxinit_corebootfb.rom
|
||
Warning: No platform specified. Output may be incomplete
|
||
File seabios_t480_vfsp_16mb_libgfxinit_corebootfb.rom is 16777216 bytes
|
||
File flashregion_3_gbe.bin is 8192 bytes
|
||
Adding flashregion_3_gbe.bin as the GbE section of seabios_t480_vfsp_16mb_libgfxinit_corebootfb.rom.new
|
||
Writing new image to seabios_t480_vfsp_16mb_libgfxinit_corebootfb.rom.new
|
||
```
|
||
## Flash firmware
|
||
|
||
Change the clamp to the firmware flash (should be in the middle of the board), and:
|
||
|
||
```sh
|
||
root@lb-pomc:/projects/libreboot/bin/vic/rom# flashprog -p serprog:dev=/dev/ttyACM0 -w seabios_t480_vfsp_16mb_libgfxinit_corebootfb.rom.new
|
||
flashprog p1.4 on Linux 6.1.0-33-amd64 (x86_64)
|
||
flashprog is free software, get the source code at https://flashprog.org
|
||
|
||
Using clock_gettime for delay loops (clk_id: 1, resolution: 1ns).
|
||
serprog: Programmer name is "pico-serprog"
|
||
Found Winbond flash chip "W25Q128.V" (16384 kB, SPI) on serprog.
|
||
Reading old flash chip contents... done.
|
||
Erasing and writing flash chip... Erase/write done.
|
||
Verifying flash... VERIFIED.
|
||
root@lb-pomc:/projects/libreboot/bin/vic/rom#
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
|
||
## Install OS
|
||
|
||
|
||
### Linux mint
|
||
[download](https://linuxmint.com/download_lmde.php)
|
||
|
||
#### 🧰 **What You Need**
|
||
|
||
* A USB stick (4 GB+ recommended).
|
||
* A Debian `.iso` file downloaded (e.g., `lmde-6-cinnamon-64bit.iso`).
|
||
* A working Debian system.
|
||
* Basic comfort with the terminal.
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
#### 🚦 **WARNING**
|
||
|
||
All data on the USB stick will be permanently erased during this process. Make sure you have selected the **correct device name** (e.g., `/dev/sdb`) to avoid overwriting your system drive.
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
#### 🧭 **Full Terminal-Only Instructions**
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
###### 🔍 **Step 1: Insert the USB and Identify the Device**
|
||
|
||
Run the following command to list all storage devices:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
lsblk
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Look for your USB stick. Example:
|
||
|
||
```
|
||
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
|
||
sda 8:0 0 512G 0 disk
|
||
├─sda1 8:1 0 512G 0 part /
|
||
sdb 8:16 1 16G 0 disk
|
||
└─sdb1 8:17 1 16G 0 part /media/yourname/USB
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
➡️ In this case, the USB device is `/dev/sdb`.
|
||
|
||
**Do NOT use `/dev/sda` (your internal drive).**
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
###### 📤 **Step 2: Unmount the USB**
|
||
|
||
Unmount all partitions of the USB stick:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
sudo umount /dev/sdX*
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Replace `X` with the letter corresponding to your USB (e.g., `b`).
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
###### 🔄 **Step 3: Optional – Wipe and Format USB (if needed)**
|
||
|
||
If your USB had problems or weird partitions, you can clear it:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdX bs=1M count=10
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Then create a fresh partition table:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
sudo parted /dev/sdX --script mklabel msdos
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
This step is **optional** if you're flashing an `.iso` that will overwrite the whole device anyway (like Debian install images do).
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
###### 💾 **Step 4: Flash the `.iso` File Using `dd`**
|
||
|
||
Run this command to write the ISO image to the USB:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
sudo dd if=/path/to/debian.iso of=/dev/sdX bs=4M status=progress oflag=sync
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
**Replace:**
|
||
|
||
* `/path/to/debian.iso` with the actual path to your ISO file.
|
||
* `/dev/sdX` with your USB device (e.g., `/dev/sdb`).
|
||
|
||
**Example:**
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
sudo dd if=~/Downloads/lmde-6-cinnamon-64bit.iso of=/dev/sdb bs=4M status=progress oflag=sync
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Wait patiently — `dd` takes time and shows progress if the `status=progress` flag is used.
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
###### 🔒 **Step 5: Sync and Eject the USB**
|
||
|
||
To flush write buffers and ensure all data is written:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
sync
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Then eject the USB:
|
||
|
||
```bash
|
||
sudo eject /dev/sdX
|
||
```
|
||
|
||
Now you can safely remove the USB stick.
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
#### ✅ Your USB is now ready to boot
|
||
|
||
You can now insert it into the target computer (like your Libreboot T480), power it on, and boot from USB.
|
||
|
||
---
|
||
|
||
#### 🧩 **Extra Tips**
|
||
|
||
* If you're on **Libreboot with SeaBIOS**, press **`ESC`** during boot to choose the boot device.
|
||
* If you encounter boot issues, double-check that you used the **device** (`/dev/sdX`) and not a **partition** (`/dev/sdX1`) in the `dd` command.
|